Eco-design of a railway traction chain. Eco-conception d’une chaine de traction ferroviaire

Archive ouverte : Thèse

Ben Ayed, Ramzi

Edité par HAL CCSD

With the introduction of different environmental standards like ISO 14001, concerns of manufacturers in railway industry are more and more oriented to the design of green products. One important issue when designing such products is the control of the cost impact and the evaluation of the price which consumers agree to pay for a reduced environmental footprint.Eco-design of railway train presents several challenges for the designer. The first one is the complexity of the life cycle analysis of such components. The second challenge is the necessity of consideration of several environmental impacts in design stage given the number of impacts. Finally, railway components have different models with different granularity which can be used in the process of eco-design. To overcome these problems we propose in this work a method which involves two steps. The first one is to simplify the LCA of the railway train using environmental management software and take the opportunity to build a malleable model to calculate eleven impacts. The second step, is to aggregate these impacts for a single indicator which is considered later as environmental criterion in the eco-design process. In order to investigate optimization tools, the eco-design problem is expressed into an optimization problem. Optimization algorithms are able to solve this problem and to find the optimal set of compromises between environmental criterion and the cost of the railway product. The set of compromises is given as a graph called the Pareto front. In our work the cost is expressed by the mass of the component and some optimization algorithms have been adapted in this work to serve in the process of eco-design . Avec l’apparition des différentes normes et règlementations telles que les normes ISO 14001, les préoccupations industrielles y compris ferroviaires sont de plus en plus orientés vers l’éco-conception. La problématique la plus importante dans l’éco-conception des produits ferroviaires est de réduire leurs impacts environnementaux tout en maintenant leurs performances fonctionnelles et en maitrisant le coût. La solution pour surmonter ce problème est de trouver un ensemble de compromis entre les deux objectifs (impacts et coût).L’éco-conception des produits ferroviaires présentent plusieurs difficultés parce que, d’une part, leur analyse de cycle de vie est très lourde. D’autre part, l’intégration de leurs impacts dans la phase de conception est délicate vu leur nombre. Enfin, ces composants ont parfois différents types de modèles à exploiter car ils présentent des compromis entre la précision et le temps de calcul. Pour surmonter ces problèmes nous avons présenté dans cette thèse une méthode qui consiste premièrement, à alléger l’ACV à l’aide d’un logiciel de gestion environnementale et d’en profiter pour construire un modèle malléable pour calculer les différents impacts. Deuxièmement, à agréger ces impacts pour obtenir un seul indice qui sera considéré comme notre critère environnemental. Pour exploiter les outils d’optimisation, le problème d’éco-conception est traduit par un problème d’optimisation. Les algorithmes d’optimisation sont capables de trouver l’ensemble de compromis optimaux entre le critère environnemental et la masse (coût) sous forme d’un graphe appelé front de Pareto. Certains algorithmes ont été adaptés pour mieux servir dans l’éco-conception

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