Heat-based nanotechnologies : application for photothermal pathogen ablation and transdermal drug delivery. Nanotechnologies basées sur la chaleur : application à l'ablation de pathogènes photothermiques et à l'administration de médicaments par voie transdermique

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Li, Chengnan

Edité par HAL CCSD

Despite the availability of different antibiotics, bacterial infections are still one of the leading causes of hospitalization and mortality. The clinical failure of antibiotic treatment is due to a general poor antibiotic penetration to bacterial infection sites as well as the development of antibiotic resistant pathogens. The development of alternative antibacterial strategies that would be less subject to the selective forces that drive the emergence of acquired antibiotic resistance has become an urgent need. Temperatures higher than 70°C cause generally an instant killing of bacteria. Heat based bacterial ablation is consequently an interesting strategy to pursue. In this thesis, photothermal ablation of pathogens is investigated. The development of a flexible transdermal skin based on a poly(imide) thin film, Kapton, modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) allowed for a rapid and highly efficient treatment of subcutaneous wound infections via near-infrared irradiation. Magnetic and specific isolation of E. coli associated with urinary tract infection (UTIs) from urine was possible using magnetic rGO nanocomposites with integrated anti-fimbrial E.coli antibodies. An optimized magnetic nanocarrier achieves a 99.9 % capture efficiency even at E. coli concentrations of 1x101cfu mL-1 in 30 min. Irradiation of the E. coli loaded nanocomposite with a near-infrared laser results in the total ablation of the eliminated pathogens.In parallel, heat-based transdermal drug delivery has been considered for the delivery of antibiotics and other drugs such as metformin. Graphene oxide (GO)/metformin and carboxylic acid enriched reduced graphene oxide(rGO-COOH)/metformin hydrogels were notably fabricated and their heating profile as well as metformin permeability across skin determined. . Malgré la disponibilité de différents antibiotiques, les infections bactériennes demeurent l'une des principales causes d'hospitalisation et de mortalité. L'échec clinique du traitement antibiotique est dû à une faible pénétration générale des antibiotiques dans les sites d'infection bactérienne ainsi qu'au développement de pathogènes résistants aux antibiotiques. La mise au point de stratégies antibactériennes alternatives moins soumises aux forces sélectives à l'origine de l'apparition d'une résistance acquise aux antibiotiques est devenue un besoin urgent. Les températures supérieures à 70 °C provoquent généralement une destruction instantanée des bactéries. L'ablation bactérienne par la chaleur est par conséquent une stratégie intéressante à poursuivre. Dans cette thèse, l'ablation photothermique d'agents pathogènes est étudiée. Le développement d'une peau transdermique flexible à base d'un film mince de poly (imide), Kapton, modifié avec de l'oxyde de graphène réduit (rGO) a permis un traitement rapide et très efficace des infections de plaies sous-cutanées par irradiation dans le proche infrarouge. L'isolement magnétique et spécifique dans l'urine de E. coli responsable d'infection des voies urinaires (UTI) était possible à l'aide de nanocomposites rGO magnétiques avec des anticorps anti-fimbrial E.coli intégrés. Un "nanotransporteur" magnétique optimisé atteint une efficacité de capture de 99,9%, même à des concentrations de 1x101 cfu mL-1 de E. coli en 30 min. L'irradiation du nanocomposite chargé de E. coli avec un laser proche de l'infrarouge entraîne l'ablation totale des agents pathogènes éliminés.Parallèlement, l'administration de médicaments transdermiques à base de chaleur a été envisagée pour l'administration d'antibiotiques et d'autres médicaments tels que la metformine. Des hydrogels de graphène (GO)/metformine et d'hydrogel de graphène réduit enrichi en acide carboxylique (rGO-COOH)/metformine ont été notamment fabriqués, leur profil de chauffage ainsi que la perméabilité à travers la peau de la metformine.

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